This volume is part of a three-part miniseries on bio-based technology. Volume 1 is the overview. Volume 2 covers bio-based chemicals. This third volume focuses on energy. Existing books concentrate on the science and engineering for biomass and biorefineries. This volume focuses on the new biomass economy, which distinguishes it from other books. It covers the economics of the biorefinery as opposed to the conventional petroleum refining. A key point of the book is the replacement of the petroleum economy with the biomass economy.